##  [A Question of Sound, not Sight](/favourite-articles/a-question-of-sound-not-sight)

##  Avertissement

Ce contenu est offert en anglais seulement.

Charles Skeete
(*Terminology Update*, Volume 29, Number 3, 1996, page 14)

> *"A miff* loan: any loan judged to be an unnecessary waste of funds, which usually causes the lender or other parties involved to be *miffed* (offended, annoyed)." (*Source unknown*)

Often, in English as in other languages, the word on the page may not sound or appear to be the same once pronounced or spelled out correctly in accordance with the rules of the particular language.

The other day a Francophone client of ours at Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) had the unenviable task of establishing whether, in using the abbreviation for "Mortgage Insurance Fund," it was correct to write "a MIF loan" or "an MIF loan."

We simply reminded the client of the general rule for words such as nouns, adjectives and adverbs: one should first consider, not the spelling, but the sound of the word as it is pronounced, in particular the sound of its first letter. In order to determine whether **a** or **an** should be selected, consider what the sound is when the word in question is read aloud. For figures and numbers, as well as for initialisms, i.e. abbreviations formed from the initial letters of a series of words and not pronounceable as words, consider the sound of the first number or letter. Here are a few examples:

1. a united stand
2. a one-year term; a 1:30 meeting
3. a high school reunion
4. a CBC production
5. an energy crisis
6. an NHL referee
7. an NDP member
8. a NAFTA-related issue
9. an ACTRA award
10. an FBI agent
11. an incredible person
12. an 1890s event
13. an honourable politician

These examples are consistent with correct English usage and observe the rule governing the use of **a** or **an** before vowels and consonants. At first glance, there appears to be no consistency since both **a** and **an** are used in examples containing consonants and vowels. However, one only has to remember that it is the consonant or vowel sound following the article that determines whether **a** or **an** should be used. The following two guidelines are supported by the examples given:

1. **a** must be used before all consonant sounds, including the sounded **h**[Footnote b](#fn-b), the long **u**, and **o** with the sound **w** (see examples 8, 4, 3, 1 and 2); and
2. **an** must be used before all vowel sounds, except the long **u** (see example 1), and before the silent **h** (see examples 13 and 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12).

Thus, our CMHC client recognized that "a MIF loan" would be justified only if "MIF" was considered to be an acronym and was therefore pronounced as a word to read: "a miff loan" (see definition given earlier). Since this was not the case, he experienced no difficulty in understanding that the only answer possible was "an MIF loan," because of the vowel sound "em" of the initial letter of "MIF," which is in fact an initialism, not an acronym.

The following is a list of examples provided for those of you who wish to test your knowledge and comprehension of the rule governing the use of the indefinite article in English:

1. \_\_\_ UFO incident
2. \_\_\_ LTD automobile
3. \_\_\_ CMHC employee
4. \_\_\_ FM station
5. \_\_\_ audit review
6. \_\_\_ SOA (Special Operating Agency)
7. \_\_\_ home theatre
8. \_\_\_ hard disk
9. \_\_\_ FDD (floppy disk drive)
10. \_\_\_ MBA student
11. \_\_\_ UN conference
12. \_\_\_ unfair decision
13. \_\_\_ EU Commission announcement
14. \_\_\_ NCR property
15. \_\_\_ joint venture
16. \_\_\_ IMF report
17. \_\_\_ hearing
18. \_\_\_ Universal weight room
19. \_\_\_ undercover agent
20. \_\_\_ S6 institution
21. \_\_\_ RCMP investigation
22. \_\_\_ recidivist
23. \_\_\_ NATO publication
24. \_\_\_ ISO standard
25. \_\_\_ GST penalty
26. \_\_\_ CPR course
27. \_\_\_ HD (high-definition) television
28. \_\_\_ Havana beach
29. \_\_\_ FTA tariff
30. \_\_\_ 11th-hour meeting
31. \_\_\_ 8:30 appointment
32. \_\_\_ health plan

**A Question of Sound, not Sight**
(Answers to the Test)

1. a
2. an
3. a
4. an
5. an
6. an
7. a
8. a
9. an
10. an
11. a
12. an
13. an
14. an
15. a
16. an
17. a
18. a
19. an
20. an
21. an
22. a
23. a
24. an
25. a
26. a
27. an
28. a
29. an
30. an
31. an
32. a

## Remarks

Remark aArticle published in *Quoi de neuf?*, Terminology and Standardization Directorate, Translation Bureau, Public Works and Government Services Canada, April 1995, pp. 5-6-15, and reproduced with permission from the editor.

[Return to remark a referrer](#fn-a-rf)

Remark bPlease note that, although **an** is often used with "historic," *The Canadian Style* recommends the use of **a**.

[Return to remark b referrer](#fn-b-rf)

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© Sa Majesté le Roi du chef du Canada, représenté par le ou la ministre des Services publics et de l’Approvisionnement
Un outil créé et mis en ligne par le Bureau de la traduction, Services publics et Approvisionnement Canada

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